chromatografiya, izwi kandi nka "isesengura rya chromatografiya", "chromatografiya", ni uburyo bwo gutandukanya no gusesengura, bufite uburyo bwinshi bwo gukoresha muri chimie yisesengura, chimie organic, biohimie nizindi nzego.
Uwashinze chromatografiya ni Umurusiya w’ibimera M.Tsvetter.Mu 1906, umuhanga mu bimera w’Uburusiya Zvetter yashyize ahagaragara ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bwe: Kugira ngo atandukane n’ibimera by’ibimera, yasutse amavuta ya ether ya peteroli arimo pigment y’ibimera mu muyoboro w’ikirahure urimo ifu ya calcium karubone hanyuma ayisiga hamwe na ether ya peteroli kuva hejuru kugeza hasi.Kuberako pigment zitandukanye zifite ubushobozi bwa adsorption butandukanye hejuru ya calcium ya karubone ya calcium, hamwe nuburyo bwo gutemba, pigment zitandukanye zimanuka kumuvuduko utandukanye, bityo zigakora imirongo yamabara atandukanye.Ibigize pigment byari bitandukanye.Yise ubu buryo bwo gutandukana chromatografiya.
Igishushanyo cyerekana ibimera byo gutandukanya ibimera
Hamwe niterambere rihoraho ryuburyo bwo gutandukana, ibintu byinshi kandi byinshi bitagira ibara bihinduka ikintu cyo gutandukana, chromatografi nayo yatakaje buhoro buhoro ibisobanuro by "ibara", ariko izina riracyakoreshwa nubu.
Ibyiciro bya Chromatografique
Intangiriro ya chromatografiya ni inzira aho molekile zigomba gutandukana zigabanywa kandi zikaringaniza hagati yicyiciro gihagaze nicyiciro kigendanwa.Ibintu bitandukanye bigabanijwe bitandukanye hagati yibyiciro byombi, bigatuma bagenda kumuvuduko utandukanye hamwe nicyiciro kigendanwa.Hamwe no kugenda kwa mobile mobile, ibice bitandukanye muruvange bitandukanijwe hagati yicyiciro gihagaze.Ukurikije uburyo, irashobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bitandukanye.
1, ukurikije ibyiciro bibiri byimiterere ya leta
Icyiciro kigendanwa: Gromatografi ya gazi, chromatografiya y'amazi, chromatografiya ya supercritical fluid
Icyiciro gihagaze: gaze-ikomeye, gaze-amazi;Amazi-akomeye, amazi-yamazi
2, ukurikije uburyo bwo gutondekanya icyiciro gihagaze
Inkingi ya chromatografiya: yuzuye inkingi ya chromatografiya, capillary inkingi ya chromatografiya, micropacked inkingi chromatografiya, chromatografiya itegura
Chromatografi yindege: impapuro chromatografiya, chromatografi yoroheje, polymer membrane chromatografiya
3, yashyizwe mubikorwa ukurikije uburyo bwo gutandukana
Choromatografi ya Adsorption: Ibice bitandukanye bitandukanijwe ukurikije adsorption hamwe nubushobozi bwa desorption kuri adsorbents
Igice cya chromatografiya: Ibice bitandukanye bitandukanijwe ukurikije ibisubizo byabyo muri solve
Molecular exclusion chromatografiya: ukurikije ubunini bwa molekuline yubunini bwo gutandukana ln ion guhana chromatografiya: ibice bitandukanye bigize isano yo gutandukanya ion-guhana resin gutandukana
Chromatografi ya Affinity: Gutandukana ukoresheje kuba hari isano yihariye hagati ya macromolecules
Capillary electrophoresis: ibice byatandukanijwe ukurikije itandukaniro ryimikorere na / cyangwa imyitwarire yo gutandukana
Chiral chromatografiya ikoreshwa mugutandukanya no gusesengura imiti ya chiral, ishobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bitatu: uburyo bwa chiral derivatisation reagent;Uburyo bwa Chiral mobile yongeyeho uburyo;Uburyo bwo gukemura icyiciro cya Chiral
Ijambo ryibanze kuri chromatografiya
Imirongo yabonetse mugutegura ibimenyetso byo gusubiza ibice nyuma yo kumenya gutandukanya chromatografique kumwanya byitwa chromatogramu.
Ibyingenzi:Mubihe bimwe na bimwe bya chromatografique, umurongo wikimenyetso cyatanzwe mugihe icyiciro cya mobile gusa kinyuze muri sisitemu ya detector bita baseline, nkuko bigaragara kumurongo wa ot.Iyo imiterere yubushakashatsi yari itajegajega, ibyingenzi byari umurongo ugereranije na horizontal.Ibyingenzi byerekana urusaku rwibikoresho, cyane cyane detector, mugihe.
Uburebure bwo hejuru:intera ihagaritse hagati ya chromatografique point point na baseline, yerekanwa na h, nkuko bigaragara kumurongo wa AB.
Ubugari bw'akarere:Ubugari bwakarere ka mpinga ya chromatografique bifitanye isano itaziguye no gutandukana neza.Hariho uburyo butatu bwo gusobanura ubugari bwa chromatografique: gutandukana bisanzwe σ, ubugari bwimpinga W, na FWHM W1 / 2.
Gutandukana bisanzwe (σ):σ ni kimwe cya kabiri cyintera hagati yingingo zombi zifatika kumurongo usanzwe ugabanijwe, kandi agaciro ka σ kerekana urwego rwo gukwirakwiza ibice kure yinkingi.Ninini agaciro ka σ, niko gutatanya ibice bisohoka, hamwe ningaruka zo gutandukana.Ibinyuranye, ibice bisohoka byibanze kandi ingaruka zo gutandukana nibyiza.
Ubugari bwa W:Ingingo zambukiranya impande zombi zimpinga ya chromatografique zikoreshwa nkumurongo ugaragara, kandi guhagarika kumurongo byitwa ubugari bwimpinga, cyangwa ubugari bwibanze, bushobora no kugaragazwa nka W, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya IJ.Ukurikije ihame ryo gukwirakwiza bisanzwe, isano iri hagati yubugari bwimisozi no gutandukana bisanzwe irashobora kugaragara ko ari W = 4σ.
W1 / 2:Ubugari bwa mpinga kuri kimwe cya kabiri cy'uburebure bwiswe FWHM, nkuko bigaragara ku ntera ya GH.W1 / 2 = 2.355σ, W = 1.699W1 / 2.
W1 / 2, W byombi bikomoka kuri σ kandi bikoreshwa mukubara ahantu hahanamye hiyongereyeho gupima ingaruka zinkingi.Ibipimo bya FWHM biroroshye kandi bikoreshwa cyane.
incamake
Uhereye kuri chromatografi yimisozi isohoka, intego zikurikira zirashobora kugerwaho:
a, Isesengura ryiza ryakozwe hashingiwe ku gaciro kagumana impinga ya chromatografiya
b, isesengura ryinshi rishingiye ku gace cyangwa impinga ya chromatografique
C. Gutandukanya imikorere yinkingi byasuzumwe ukurikije agaciro kagumanye nubugari bwimisozi ya chromatografique
Inzira yo kubara igira uruhare muri chromatografiya
1. Agaciro ko kugumana
Agaciro ko kugumana ni ikintu cyakoreshejwe mu gusobanura urwego urugero rw'icyitegererezo rugumishijwe mu nkingi kandi rukoreshwa nk'ikimenyetso kiranga chromatografiya.Uburyo bwo guhagararirwa nuburyo bukurikira:
Igihe cyo kugumana tR
Igihe cy'urupfutM
Hindura igihe cyo kugumana tR'= tR-tM
(Igihe cyose cyakoreshejwe mugice gihagaze)
Ingano yo kugumana
VR = tR*F. (idashingiye ku muvuduko wa feri igendanwa)
Ingano yapfuye
VM=tM*Fc
(Umwanya udafashwe nicyiciro gihagaze munzira itemba kuva inshinge kugera kuri detector)
Hindura ingano yo kugumana VR'= t'R* Fc
2. Agaciro ko kugumana
Agaciro kagumana agaciro, kazwi kandi nkikintu cyo gutandukana, igereranyo cya coefficient de diviziyo cyangwa ubushobozi bugereranije, ni igipimo cyigihe cyo kugumya kugumana (ingano) yikintu cyageragejwe nigihe cyagenwe cyo kugumana (ingano) yikigereranyo mubihe bimwe na bimwe bya chromatografique.
Indangagaciro zo kugumana zakoreshejwe kugirango zikureho ingaruka zimikorere imwe nimwe, nkigipimo cy umuvuduko nigihombo gikosorwa, kubiciro byo kugumana.Ibipimo muburyo bwo kugumana agaciro birashobora kuba igice murugero rwageragejwe cyangwa ikomatanyirizo ryongeweho ubuhanga.
3. Igipimo cyo kubika
Igipimo cyo kugumana ni igipimo cyo kugumana ibintu i bigomba kugeragezwa mu gisubizo gihamye X. Babiri n-alanes batoranijwe nkibintu bifatika, kimwe gifite numero ya karubone ikindi gifite N + n.Igihe cyagenwe cyo kugumana ni t 'r (N) na t' r (N + n), kuburyo, igihe cyo kugumana igihe cyagenwe t 'r (i) cyibintu i kugeragezwa kiri hagati yabo, ni ukuvuga, t (r).
Igipimo cyo kugumana gishobora kubarwa kuburyo bukurikira.
4. Impamvu zubushobozi (k)
Kuringaniza, ikigereranyo cyubwinshi bwibigize mugice gihagaze (s) nicyiciro kigendanwa (m), cyitwa ubushobozi bwubushobozi.Inzira niyi ikurikira:
5 coeff Coefficient de partition (K) Muburinganire, igipimo cyibintu byibumbiye mubice bigize icyiciro (s) gihagaze na mobile mobile (m), bita coefficient de diviziyo.Inzira niyi ikurikira
Isano iri hagati ya K na k:
Irerekana inkingi yubwoko n ipfundo ryayo ibintu byingenzi byimiterere
incamake
Isano iri hagati yo kugumana agaciro nubushobozi hamwe na coefficient de diviziyo:
Gutandukanya Chromatografiya bishingiye kubitandukaniro mubushobozi bwa adsorption cyangwa gusesa kwa buri kintu muburyo bwikigereranyo cyagenwe, gishobora kugaragazwa nubunini bwubunini bwa coefficient K (cyangwa ubushobozi bwa k) agaciro.
Ibigize bifite adsorption ikomeye cyangwa ubushobozi bwo gusesa bifite coefficient nini yo kugabana (cyangwa ubushobozi bwubushobozi) nigihe kinini cyo kugumana.Ibinyuranye, ibice bifite intege nke za adsorption cyangwa solubilité bifite coeffice ntoya yo kugabana hamwe nigihe gito cyo kugumana.
Inyigisho yibanze ya chromatografiya
1. Igitekerezo
(1) Shyira imbere - theormodynamic theory
Byatangiranye nicyitegererezo cyumunara wasabwe na Martin na Synge.
Gucamo inkingi: muri tray inshuro nyinshi zingana na gazi-yamazi iringaniye, ukurikije aho bitetse gutandukana bitandukanye.
Inkingi: Ibigize biringanijwe nibice byinshi hagati yibyiciro byombi kandi bitandukanijwe ukurikije coefficient zitandukanye.
(2) Hypothesis
.
(2) Icyiciro kigendanwa cyinjira mu nkingi, ntabwo gikomeza ahubwo gihindagurika, ni ukuvuga ko buri gice ari ingano yinkingi.
(3) Iyo icyitegererezo cyongewe kuri buri cyapa, ikwirakwizwa ryicyitegererezo kumurongo winkingi rishobora kwirengagizwa.
(4) Coefficient yo kugabana iringaniye kumirongo yose, ititaye kumubare wibigize.Nukuvuga ko coefficente yo kugabana ihoraho kuri buri taban.
(3) Ihame
Igishushanyo mbonera cya tray
Niba igice cyibice byinshi, aribyo m = 1 (urugero, 1mg cyangwa 1μg), byongewe kumurongo wa 0, hanyuma nyuma yo kugabana kuringaniza, kuko k = 1, aribyo ns = nm, nm = ns = 0.5.
Iyo ingano ya plaque (lΔV) ya gaze yabatwara yinjiye muri plaque 0 muburyo bwa pulsation, gaze yabatwara irimo nm igice cyicyiciro cya gaze isunikwa kumasahani 1. Muri iki gihe, ibice bigize ns mugice cyamazi cya plaque 0 n'ibice nm mubice bya gaze ya plaque 1 bizagabanywa hagati yibyiciro byombi.Kubwibyo, igiteranyo cyibigize byose biri muri plaque 0 ni 0.5, aho gaze nicyiciro cyamazi buri 0.25, naho igiteranyo cyose kiri muri plaque 1 na 0.5.Ibyiciro bya gaze n'amazi nabyo byari 0.25.
Iyi nzira isubirwamo buri gihe gaze ya plaque nshya itwara gaze isunikwa mu nkingi (reba imbonerahamwe ikurikira).
(4) Ikigereranyo cya Chromatografique isohoka igereranya
σ ni gutandukana bisanzwe, ni igihe cyo kugumana, C ni kwibanda kumwanya uwariwo wose,
C, ni intumbero yo gutera inshinge, ni ukuvuga, igiteranyo cyibigize (agace ka A).
(5) ibipimo byerekana neza inkingi
Kuri buri gihe tR, ntoya ya W cyangwa w 1/2 (ni ukuvuga impinga ndende), nini nini ya plaque ya plaque n, ntoya yuburebure bwa plaque nini, kandi nuburyo bwo gutandukanya inkingi.Kimwe nukuri kubintu bifatika tray neff.Kubwibyo, umubare wumubare wumurongo ni indangagaciro yo gusuzuma imikorere yinkingi.
(5) Ibiranga amakosa
> Ibyiza
Inzira ya tray ni kimwe cya kabiri kandi isobanura imiterere yumurongo usohoka
Gutandukanya no gutandukanya ibice bigize ibice byerekanwe
Ironderero ryo gusuzuma imikorere yinkingi irasabwa
> Imipaka
Ibigize ntibishobora rwose kugabana kuringaniza ibice bibiri:
Ikwirakwizwa rirerire ryibigize mu nkingi ntirishobora kwirengagizwa:
Ingaruka yibintu bitandukanye bya kinetic mubikorwa byo kwimura abantu ntibyigeze bisuzumwa.
Isano iri hagati yingaruka zumuvuduko numuvuduko wicyiciro cya mobile ntishobora gusobanurwa:
Ntabwo byumvikana ibintu byingenzi bigira ingaruka kuminkingi
Ibi bibazo byakemuwe neza muburyo bw'igipimo.
2. Gereranya ibitekerezo
Mu 1956, intiti yo mu Buholandi VanDeemter n'abandi.yakiriye igitekerezo cya tray théorie, kandi ahuza ibintu bya kinetic bigira ingaruka kuburebure bwa tray, ashyira imbere ibitekerezo bya kinetic yuburyo bwa chromatografique - igipimo cyibipimo, kandi akuramo ikigereranyo cya VanDeemter.Ifata inzira ya chromatografiya nkigikorwa kidafite imbaraga zingana kandi ikiga ingaruka ziterwa na kinetic kwaguka kwimpinga (ni ukuvuga inkingi yingaruka).
Nyuma, Giddings na Snyder n'abandi.yatanze igitekerezo cyo kugereranya ibipimo bya chromatografiya (aribyo kugereranya Giddings) hashingiwe ku gereranya rya VanDeemter (nyuma yiswe igipimo cya gazi ya chromatografiya) kandi ukurikije itandukaniro ryumutungo uri hagati y’amazi na gaze.
(1) Ikigereranyo cya Van Deemter
Aho: H: ni uburebure bwikibaho
Igisubizo: coefficient ya eddy ikwirakwizwa
B: coefficient yijambo ryo gukwirakwiza molekile
C: coefficient yigihe cyo kwimura imbaga
(2) Ikigereranyo cy'impano
Isesengura ryinshi kandi ryujuje ubuziranenge
(1) Isesengura ryiza
Isesengura ryiza rya chromatografique ni ukumenya ibice bigereranywa na buri mpinga ya chromatografique.Kubera ko ibintu bitandukanye bifite agaciro keza ko kugumana mubihe bimwe na bimwe bya chromatografiya, agaciro ko kugumana karashobora gukoreshwa nkibipimo byujuje ubuziranenge.Uburyo butandukanye bwa chromatografi yuburyo bufite ishingiro bushingiye kubiciro byo kugumana.
Nyamara, ibintu bitandukanye birashobora kugira agaciro cyangwa kugumana agaciro kamwe mubihe bimwe bya chromatografique, ni ukuvuga indangagaciro zo kugumana ntabwo zihariye.Rero biragoye kuranga icyitegererezo kitazwi rwose gishingiye kubiguzi byonyine.Niba hashingiwe ku gusobanukirwa inkomoko, imiterere n'intego by'icyitegererezo, hashobora gukorwa icyemezo kibanziriza icyiciro cy'icyitegererezo, kandi uburyo bukurikira burashobora gukoreshwa kugirango hamenyekane ibice byerekanwe na mpinga ya chromatografiya.
1. Kugenzura ubuziranenge ukoresheje ibintu byera
Mubihe bimwe na bimwe bya chromatografique, ikitazwi gifite igihe cyagenwe cyo kugumana.Kubwibyo, ibitazwi birashobora kumenyekana muburyo bwo kugereranya igihe cyo kugumana ibintu bizwi bizwi mubihe bimwe bya chromatografiya hamwe nigihe cyo kubika ibintu bitazwi.Niba byombi ari bimwe, ibintu bitazwi birashobora kuba ibintu bizwi;Bitabaye ibyo, ikitazwi ntabwo aricyo kintu cyiza.
Uburyo bwiza bwo kugenzura ibintu bukoreshwa gusa mubintu bitazwi ibihimbano byamenyekanye, ibihimbano byoroheje, kandi nibintu bizwi bizwi.
2. Uburyo bwo kugumana agaciro
Agaciro kagumana agaciro α, bivuga guhinduka hagati yibigize i nibikoresho bifatika Ikigereranyo cyagaciro:
Irahinduka gusa nimpinduka yubushyuhe bwo gukosora ninkingi, kandi ntaho ihuriye nibindi bikorwa.
Ku cyiciro runaka gihagaze hamwe nubushyuhe bwinkingi, ibiciro byahinduwe byo kugumana ibice i nibintu bifatika s bipimwa kimwe, hanyuma bikabarwa ukurikije formula yavuzwe haruguru.Indangagaciro zabonetse zigereranijwe zishobora kugereranywa nagaciro kagereranijwe mubitabo.
3, kongeramo ibintu bizwi kugirango wongere uburyo bwo hejuru bwuburebure
Iyo hari ibice byinshi murugero rutazwi, impinga ya chromatografi yabonetse iba yuzuye cyane kuburyo itamenyekana byoroshye nuburyo bwavuzwe haruguru, cyangwa mugihe icyitegererezo kitazwi gikoreshwa gusa kubisesengura ryihariye.
"Ubanza hakorwa chromatogramu y'icyitegererezo kitazwi, hanyuma hakaboneka izindi chromatogramu wongeyeho ibintu bizwi ku cyitegererezo kitazwi."Ibigize hamwe nuburebure bwimisozi irashobora kumenyekana kubintu nkibi.
4. Gumana uburyo bwujuje ubuziranenge
Igipimo cyo kugumana cyerekana imyitwarire yo kugumya ibintu ku bikosora kandi kuri ubu ni byo bikoreshwa cyane kandi bizwi ku rwego mpuzamahanga muri GC.Ifite ibyiza byo kororoka neza, ibipimo bimwe hamwe na coefficient ntoya.
Igipimo cyo kugumana gifitanye isano gusa nimiterere yicyiciro gihagaze hamwe nubushyuhe bwinkingi, ariko ntabwo bihuye nibindi bihe byubushakashatsi.Ukuri kwayo no kubyara ni byiza.Igihe cyose ubushyuhe bwinkingi bumeze nkubw'icyiciro gihagaze, agaciro k'ibitabo gashobora gukoreshwa kugirango kamenyekane, kandi ntabwo ari ngombwa gukoresha ibikoresho byera kugirango ugereranye.
(2) Isesengura ryinshi
Shingiro ryo kugereranya chromatografi:
Igikorwa cyo gusesengura ingano ni ugushaka ijana mubice bigize icyitegererezo
Ibice.Umubare wa Chromatografiya wari ushingiye kuri ibi bikurikira: mugihe ibikorwa byakorwaga, byari
Ubwinshi (cyangwa kwibanda) mubice byapimwe bigenwa nikimenyetso cyo gusubiza cyatanzwe na detector
Biragereranijwe.Amazina:
Shingiro ryo kugereranya chromatografi:
Igikorwa cyo gusesengura ingano ni ugushaka ijana mubice bigize icyitegererezo
Ibice.Umubare wa Chromatografiya wari ushingiye kuri ibi bikurikira: mugihe ibikorwa byakorwaga, byari
Ubwinshi (cyangwa kwibanda) mubice byapimwe bigenwa nikimenyetso cyo gusubiza cyatanzwe na detector
Biragereranijwe.Amazina:
1. Uburyo bwo gupima ahantu hahanamye
Agace k'impinga namakuru shingiro yumubare utangwa na chromatogrammes, kandi uburinganire bwikigereranyo cyahantu hahanamye bigira ingaruka kumubare wibisubizo.Uburyo butandukanye bwo gupima bwakoreshejwe kumpinga ya chromatografi ifite imiterere itandukanye.
Biragoye kubona agaciro nyako k'itumba mu isesengura ryinshi:
Ku ruhande rumwe kubera ingorane zo gupima neza ingano yatewe inshinge: kurundi ruhande
Agace k'impinga gashingiye kumiterere ya chromatografiya, kandi umurongo wa chromatografi ugomba kugumaho mugihe agaciro gapimwe
Ntabwo bishoboka cyangwa byoroshye gukora ikintu kimwe.Kandi niyo ushobora kubibona neza
Agaciro nyako, nanone kubera ko ntamahame ahuriweho kandi ntashobora gukoreshwa muburyo butaziguye.
2.Ibintu byo gukosora
Igisobanuro cyikintu cyo gukosora ingano: ingano yibigize byinjira muri detector (m)
Ikigereranyo cyubuso bwacyo bwa chromatografique (A) cyangwa uburebure bwa mpinga () nuburinganire buhoraho (,
Ihame rihoraho ryitwa ibintu byo gukosora byimazeyo kubintu.
Biragoye kubona agaciro nyako k'itumba mu isesengura ryinshi:
Ku ruhande rumwe kubera ingorane zo gupima neza ingano yatewe inshinge: kurundi ruhande
Agace k'impinga gashingiye kumiterere ya chromatografiya, kandi umurongo wa chromatografi ugomba kugumaho mugihe agaciro gapimwe
Ntabwo bishoboka cyangwa byoroshye gukora ikintu kimwe.Kandi niyo ushobora kubibona neza
Agaciro nyako, nanone kubera ko ntamahame ahuriweho kandi ntashobora gukoreshwa muburyo butaziguye.
Nukuvuga, kugereranya gukosora ibintu 'bigize ibice nibigize ibikoresho s
Ikigereranyo cyibintu bikosora rwose.
Birashobora kugaragara ko ibintu bikosorwa ugereranije nigihe ubuziranenge bwibigize nibisanzwe.
Iyo ibintu s bingana, agace ka mpinga yibikoresho byerekanwe nigice kinini cyibigize
Kugwiza.Niba ibice bimwe bifite misa m hamwe nimpinga ya A, noneho umubare wa f'A
Indangagaciro zingana nubuso bwibice byibikoresho bifatika hamwe na misa ya.Muyandi magambo,
Binyuze mubintu byo gukosora ugereranije, impinga ya buri kintu gishobora gutandukana
Yahinduwe ahantu hahanamye yibikoresho bifatika bingana na misa, hanyuma igipimo
Ibipimo byahujwe.Ubu rero nuburyo busanzwe bwo kumenya ijanisha rya buri kintu
Ishingiro ryinshi.
Uburyo bwo kubona ibintu bikosora ugereranije: kugereranya ibintu byagereranijwe byagereranijwe no kuba
Ibipimo bifitanye isano nibisanzwe n'ubwoko bwa detector, ariko kumurongo wibikorwa
Ntacyo bitwaye.Kubwibyo, indangagaciro zishobora gukurwa mubisobanuro mubitabo.Niba inyandiko
Niba udashobora kubona agaciro wifuza mugutanga, urashobora kandi kugena wenyine.Uburyo bwo kwiyemeza
Uburyo: Umubare munini wibintu byapimwe icumi byatoranijwe bifatika → bikozwe muburyo bumwe
Agace ka chromatografique A na Nkibice byombi byapimwe.
Iyo ni formula.
3. Uburyo bwo kubara bwinshi
(1) Uburyo busanzwe bwakarere
Igiteranyo cyibiri mu bice byose bidafite impinga yabazwe nka 100% yo kubara
Uburyo bwitwa ibisanzwe.Inzira yo kubara niyi ikurikira:
Aho P,% ni ijanisha ryibigize ibipimo byageragejwe;A1, A2 ... A n igizwe 1.Ubuso bwa 1 ~ n;f'1, f'2 ... f'n nikigereranyo cyo gukosora ibice 1 kugeza n.
(2) uburyo busanzwe bwo hanze
Uburyo bwo kugereranya kwinshi hagati yikimenyetso cyo gusubiza ibice bigomba kugeragezwa muri sample hamwe nibintu byera bigomba kugeragezwa nkigenzura.
(3) Uburyo busanzwe bwimbere
Uburyo bwitwa uburyo bwimbere muburyo nuburyo bwongewemo umubare munini wibintu byera byongewe kumuti usanzwe wibintu byapimwe nigisubizo cyicyitegererezo nkibisanzwe imbere, hanyuma bigasesengurwa bikagenwa.
(3) uburyo busanzwe bwo kongeramo
Uburyo busanzwe bwo kongeramo, buzwi kandi nkuburyo bwo kongera imbere, ni ukongera umubare runaka wa (△ C)
Ibivugwa mubizamini byongeweho kubisubizo byikigereranyo kugirango bipimwe, kandi ikizamini cyongewe kumurongo
Impinga yicyitegererezo cyibisubizo nyuma yibintu byari hejuru kurenza igisubizo cyambere cyicyitegererezo
Ubwiyongere bw'akarere (△ A) bwakoreshejwe mukubara ubunini bwibintu mubisubizo byicyitegererezo
Ibirimo (Cx)
Aho Ax nigice kinini cyibintu bigomba gupimwa murugero rwumwimerere.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Werurwe-27-2023